TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………
1
1.0
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Background
of the problem………………………………………………………………..
1
1.2 Statement
of the problem…………………………………………………………………..
3
1.3 General
objectives…………………………………………………………….................... 4
1.4 Specific
objectives……………………………………………………………................... 5
1.5 Research
questions………………………………………………………………………...
5
1.6 Significance
of the study…………………………………………………………………..
5
1.7 Scope
of the study…...………………………………………………………..................... 5
1.8 Limitation
of the study…………………………………………………………................. 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW………………………………………………… 6
2.0 Literature
review…………………………………………………………………………..
6
2.1 Overview of solid waste Disposal………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 Solid Waste
Disposal Methods…………………………………………………………...
6
2.2.1 Open
Burning…………………………………………………………………………...
6
2.2.2
Incineration….………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.3 Recycling……………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.4 Deep well
Disposal…………………………………………………………................... 7
2.2.5 Source Reduction
……………………………………………………………………… 7
2.2.6
Sanitary Landfill ……………………………………………………………………….
8
2.2.7 Composting
……………………………………………………………………………. 10
2.2.8 Collection
…………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.2.9 Transfer and Transport
……………………………………………………………………. 11
2.2.10 Processing and Recovery
…………………………………………………………… 11
2.3 The ways Human
affected River Streams……………………………………................. 11
2.3.1 Damming………………………………………………………………………………. 12
2.3.2
Dumping……………………………………………………………………................. 12
2.3.3 Recreation……………………………………………………………………………... 12
2.4 Types of
Pollutant………………………………………………………………………..
13
2.4.1 Physical
Pollutants………………………………………………………….................. 13
2.4.2
Agriculture………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.3
Airborne…………………………………………………………………….................. 14
2.4.4 Urban…………………………………………………………………………………... 15
2.5 The way Pollution
River Stream Affected the Surrounding Community……………….. 15
2.5.1 Problems that
Associated with the Polluted River Streams in the Surrounding
Community…………………………………………………………………………… 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………… 17
3.0 Research
Methodology…………………………………………………………………. 17
3.1 Selection of the
study area ……………………………………………………..……… 17
3.1.1 Location of the
Study Area …………………………………………………………… 17
3.1.2 Economic
Activities in the Study area ……………………………………………….. 17
3.1.3 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.1.4 Population ……………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.2 Research Design ...………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.3 Research
Techniques…………………………………………………………………… 18
3.3.1 Qualitative
Techniques……………………………………………………................. 18
3.3.2 Quantitative
Techniques………………………………………………………………. 19
3.4 Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.4.1 Methods of
Sampling Techniques……………………………………………………..
19
3.4.2 Purposive of
Sampling Techniques……………………………………….................... 19
3.4.3 Systematic
Sampling …………………………………………………………………. 19
3.5 Types of Data…………………………………………………………………………….
20
3.5.1 Primary
Data………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.5.2 Secondary
Data……………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6 Methods of Data
Collection…………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6.1Interview…………………………………………………………………..................... 20
3.6.2
Questionnaire……………………………………………………………..................... 21
3.6.3
Observation……………………………………………………………….................... 21
3.7 Data Analysis and
Presentation…………………………………………...……………. 21
1.0. Introduction.
This
is an introduction part of chapter one which consist of background of the
problem, statement of the problem, research objectives, significance of the study,
scope of the study and limitation of the study.
1.1. Background of
the Problem.
The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the
impact can take diverse forms. The growth of urban megalopolises, increased
industrial activity and dependence of the agricultural sector on chemicals and
fertilizers has led to the over changing of the carrying capacity of our water
bodies to assimilate and decompose waste. Deterioration in water quality and
contamination of lakes, rivers, and ground water aquifer has therefore resulted
(Jica and Pak-EPA, 2000 and 2003).
Our
water is being contaminated from many sources. Bacteria and viruses get into
the water because some cities illegally dump raw sewage directly into the
water. (Dinah et al, 2002). There are many types and
sources of water pollution. Pollution which
enters the water from a specific, easy to identify site is called Point
Source Pollution. Factory and sewage discharge
pipes are examples of point source pollution. Pollution that does not come from
a specific site; but instead come from several different and diffuse sources,
is called Nonpoint Source Pollution. Runoff
from urban
lawns and farmlands are examples of nonpoint source pollution (Monty,
2005).
Misuse of water became a problem during the Industrial Revolution
when populated cities developed. Wastes from the homes and factories were
discharged directly into rivers and streams near cities. Contaminated rivers
became a major threat to public health because they transmitted disease. For example,
50,000 people died from cholera-in
London in 1831. Dysentery and typhoid fever rampaged urban areas late in the 19th century (Monty 2005).
The
world is becoming increasingly urban, particularly in developing countries. The
transition of people from rural areas to cities represents a major, and
permanent, demographic shift. This movement to cities creates many problems,
particularly when housing and infrastructure are unable to keep pace with
population growth. However, problems associated with human settlements do not
only arise in large cities-even small settlements can carry risks for
drinking-water if insufficient care is taken and drinking-water sources are
sited close to human habitation. Household and general waste in some urban
areas may be disposed of through uncontrolled dumping in vacant areas. In
low-lying swampy areas, this form of disposal may be seen as a form of land
reclamation. If this disposal is on land associated with surface water
collection or groundwater recharge, the potential exists for various chemicals
present in the waste to contaminate the water resource. The decay of organic
material within the waste generates considerable amounts of leach ate (BGS:
2001). Number one source of surface water pollution by volume is soil erosion.
Soil erodes into nearby streams, rivers, and lakes, causing numerous problems
(Lowa, 1998). Spills of many chemicals found in urban areas (including
petroleum and fuel oils) are also a source of contamination of both ground
waters and surface waters. Industrial wastewaters entering a water body
represent a heavy source of environmental pollution in Nigerian rivers (SDWF,
2006). River systems are the primary means for disposal of waste, especially
the effluents, from industries that are near them. These effluent from
industries have a great deal of influence on the pollution of the water body,
these effluent can alter the physical, chemical and biological nature of the
receiving water body (Kanu et al, 2011). A century
ago, the main contamination problems worldwide were fecal and organic pollution
from untreated human waste and industrial byproducts. These pollution sources
have been greatly reduced in most industrialized countries (Johnson et al,
2001). Meanwhile in most developing countries, traditional pollution sources
and new pollutants like pesticides have combined to heavily degrade water
quality near urban centers and intensive agricultural areas (Shiklomanov,
1997).
In developing countries, an estimated 90% of untreated wastewater
is discharged directly into rivers and streams polluting rivers and lakes to
levels that make them unfit even for industrial uses (WMO, 1997). The effects
of this contamination without any action result in eutrophication (excessive
nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff
nutrients)-(animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) of surface waters. While data
are limited, it is clear that the most polluted waters occur in and downstream
of major population centers (Ceballos et al, 1998), and pollution levels tend
to be more intense in smaller rivers where dilution is less effective. The
Bogota and La Paz rivers are perfect examples of lifeless rivers immediately
downstream of the cities that share their names (McClain, 2001).
Water pollution has become a
common problem and a cause for concern in all urban areas in Tanzania,
particularly during the rainy seasons. Every year outbreaks of water-related
diseases, such as cholera and diarrhea, are reported. Most serious is the
contamination of drinking water sources with pollutants and bacteria. One of
the main sources of water pollution in urban.
1.2. Statement of
the Problem.
Solid wastes constitute
one of the most obvious pollution problems in Tanzanian urban centers. Systems
for collecting domestic, institutional and industrial solid wastes exist in all
towns, but these systems are operating at very low efficiency.
Water
pollution is the most widespread pollution problem in Tanzania. Pollution of
water bodies with industrial effluents occurs in rivers, lakes and estuaries in
the industrialized areas. The industries which discharge effluents of serious
and immediate environmental concern are those involved in tanning, petrochemicals,
sisal, pesticides formulation, metal processing, battery manufacture, textiles,
foam production, and paint and plastic manufacture. Some of the more important
valleys, lakes and rivers which are polluted with industrial waste are the
Mbezi and Msimbazi River in Dar es Salaam, Ngerengere and Pangawe River in
Morogoro, Lake Victoria at Mwanza, Bukoba and Musoma, Rivers Karanga, Njoro and
Rau near Moshi, and River Kiwira in Tukuyu District.
This
research is center on the effects of solid waste disposal on river streams
specifically on Nzovwe River in Mbeya city-Tanzania. The study aim at giving a
clear description of the most pollutants of river streams in the country and
the ways they cause effects in societies. After numbering the most river
streams pollutants the study is come up with some ideas as how Tanzania can
work on solving their problems related to solid waste disposal in river
streams. Most of the researches conducted had not touched the effects of solid
waste disposal on river streams in case of Mbeya city.
In
this study my focus is to find out solution of the effects of solid waste
disposal in River streams at Mbeya city especially Nzovwe River Streams.
1.3. General
Objective.
The
effects of solid waste disposal on river stream in Mbeya city at Nzovwe River
streams
1.4. Specific Objectives.
i.
To find out ways in which residents
affect river streams in Mbeya city.
ii. To
assess the kinds of solid pollutants that pollutes river streams in Mbeya city.
iii. To
assess the way polluted river streams affects the surrounding community in
Mbeya city.
1.5. Research Questions.
i.
What the way residents affect river
streams in Mbeya city?
ii. What
the kinds of solid pollutants that pollutes rivers streams in Mbeya city?
iii. In
which ways polluted river streams affects the surrounding community?
1.6. Significance of the study.
From
the study, local government leaders, residents can understand the information
and use it to solve problems of solid waste disposal and other crisis relate to
the waste disposal.
1.7. Scope of the
study.
In this paper, major types of solid wastes from human activities
were considered, as home residents, industrialization, market areas and
agricultural activities. This is due to the extent solid waste
disposal in river stream seen in area.
1.8. Limitation of
the Study.
Usually
any work has its limitations, in this study the limitations was shortage of
fund, respondents to hide information, this is because some people in the
community think negatively about the research that the researcher carrying out,
also time limit, there was no enough time for collecting data because the study
was conducted simultaneously with lecture.
2.0. Literature
Review.
2.1. Overview of
Solid Waste Disposal.
Natural
rivers have the capacity for self purification (Spellman and Drinan 2001,
McClain 2002). Citizens are usually the direct users of a waste management
service and benefit, because their living environment improves. The private
sector involved in resource recovery and recycling benefits, because it has access
to the valuable waste materials and makes profits out of these. Last but not
least, the local government benefits because of reduced health care related
costs and reduced costs of urban management, especially the cost of drinking
water supply and treatment and of drainage (Hemelaar, 1999).
2.2. Solid Waste Disposal Methods.
Montgomery,
(2000) argued that, the best methods for one kind of waste may not be
appropriate to another. The techniques are open burning, recycling and other
options such as solid waste exchange, still deep well disposal, and
incineration.
2.2.1. Open Burning.
Open
burning is the burning of unwanted materials in a manner that causes smoke and
other emissions to be released directly into the air without passing through a
chimney or stack. This includes the burning of outdoor piles, burning in a burn
barrel and the use of incinerators which have no pollution control devices and
as such release the gaseous byproducts directly into the atmosphere (Department
of environmental quality 2006).
2.2.2.
Incineration.
Incineration
as a means of solid waste disposal provides a partial solution to the space
requirement of landfills. It is an imperfect solution since burning wastes
contributes to air pollution, adding considerable carbon dioxide. At moderate
temperatures incineration may also produce a variety of toxic gases depending
on what is burned. For instance, plastic when burned can release chlorine gas
and hydrochloric acid, combination of sulphur bearing organic matter release
sulphur dioxide (Montgomery, 2000).
2.2.3. Recycling.
Recycling
and reuse are also solid waste reduction strategies for instance paper might
also be recycled more extensively. In the United State about 25% of the papers
used are recycled. In Japan 50% of papers are recycling easier and most
effective when a single type of paper or newspaper. For example computer
printer is collected in the quantity. That limits the variety of ink and other
chemicals that must be handling during reprocessing (Gertler and Ehrented, 1996).
2.2.4. Deep Well
Disposal.
Is
another alternative for disposal of solid industrial waste is injection into
deep wells. This method has been practiced since World War II. The rock unit
selected to receive the waste must be relatively porous and permeable commonly,
sandstone or fractured lime stone and it must be isolated by low permeability
layers above and below (Braiko, 1985).
2.2.5. Source Reduction.
Denison and Ruston (1990) viewed source reduction as any action
that reduces the volume or toxicity of solid waste prior to its processing and
disposal in incinerators or landfills. This view is similar to the one given by
Kreith (1994). According to him, source reduction focuses on reducing the
volume and /or toxicity of waste generated. Source reduction includes the
switch to reusable products and packaging, the most familiar example being
returnable bottles. According to USPS (2000) in the city of Thimphu in Bhutan
to reduce waste problems in future, reduction in waste generation would be the
most important factor. Examples of possible reduction at the consumption level
include reuse of containers (including bags), better buying habits, and cutting
down on the use of disposable products and packaging ( USPS, 2000).
It is agreed that, source separation and resource recovery is an
important method in waste management. This is because there is nothing like
waste on this earth. Wastes that are discharged may be of significant value in
another setting, but they are of little or no value to the possessor who wants
to dispose of it. According to Tsiboe and Marbel (2004), Austria, the
Netherlands, and Denmark developed a waste management processes to efficiently
resolve the waste disposal problem by essentially coaxing their citizens to
separate their domestic solid waste into glass, paper, plastic categories;
thereby enabling easy collection and consequently reuse. As suggested by the
three authors, one way of effectively managing solid waste is to minimize solid
waste generation through source reduction.
2.2.6.
Sanitary land filling.
Sanitary land filling includes confining the waste, to compacting
it and covering with soil. It not only prevents burning of garbage but also
helps in reclamation of land for valuable use (Centre for Environment and
Development, 2003). The placement of solid waste in landfills is the oldest and
definitely the most prevalent form of ultimate waste disposal (Zerbock,
2003:16). He further argued that “landfills” are nothing more than open,
sometimes controlled dumps. According to him the difference between landfills
and dumps is the level of engineering, planning, and administration involved.
Open dumps are characterized by the lack of engineering measures, no leach ate
management, no consideration of landfill gas management, and few, if any,
operational measures such as registration of users, control of the number of
“tipping fronts” or compaction of waste (Zerbock, 2003).
Furthermore, landfills are one form of waste management that
nobody wants but everybody needs (Kreith, 1994: 2.8) According to him, there
are simply no combinations of waste management techniques that do not require
land filling to make them work. Of the basic management options of solid waste,
landfills are the only management technique that is both necessary and
sufficient. According to Kreith (1994) some wastes are simply not recyclable,
many recyclable wastes eventually reach a point where their intrinsic value is
completely dissipated and they no longer can be recovered, and recycling itself
produces residuals. He further highlighted that the technology and operation of
modern land fill can assure the protection of human health and the environment.
In contrast to what the various authors have said about sanitary
landfill as an option for waste management, they have failed to recognize that
land fill in itself has some disadvantages as it is costly to construct and
maintain, can pollute ground water through leaching, location is a problem in
terms of availability of land particularly in the cities. Other critical
factors such as gas recovery, composting, waste to energy recovery, storm water
control, distance to any settlement and water body were not clearly spelt out by
the authors. Therefore, there could be an alternative which is recycling. This
method is discussed in the next sub-section.
2.2.7. Composting.
Composting process uses
microorganisms to degrade the organic content of the waste. Aerobic composting proceeds
at a higher rate and converts the heterogeneous organic waste materials into
homogeneous and stable humus (Centre for Environment and Development, 2003: 9).
UNEP (2009) has also defined composting as a biological
decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled predominantly
aerobic conditions to a state that is sufficiently stable for nuisance-free
storage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture.
According to the UNEP (2009), composting is the option that, with few
exceptions, best fits within the limited resources available in developing
countries. A characteristic that renders composting especially suitable is its
adaptability to a broad range of situations. According to Zerbock (2003), a
low-technology approach to waste reduction is composting. He further says that
in developing countries, the average city’s municipal waste stream is over 50
per cent organic material.
2.2.8. Collection.
The element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid
waste, but also the hauling of waste after collection to the location where the
collection vehicle is emptied (Kreith, 1994).
According to Kreith (1994), the most common type of residential
collection services in the United States include “curbs”, “setout-setback” and
“backyard carry”. According to the USPS (2000), in the city of Thimphu in
Bhutan the collection of solid waste from households, commercial set-ups was
done in concrete receptacles placed at strategic points and conveyed by
trucks/tractors. Accordingly, there were concrete bins and containers provided
at various locations from where the waste was lifted for disposal. Individual
bins/containers were also placed alongside the shops in certain areas, which
were emptied directly into the trucks/tippers. This prevents people from
dumping waste indiscriminately. On the other hand, the building of these
concrete bins and containers may be expensive to do in Ghana and for that
matter TAMA.
2.2.9. Transfer and Transport.
According to Kreith (1994), transfer and transport involves two
steps: (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the
larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes,
usually over long distances to the final disposal site.
2.2.10. Processing and Recovery.
The element of processing and recovery includes all the
technology, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of
other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products
or energy from solid wastes (Tchobanoglous et al, 1977). In the
recovery, separation operations have been devised to recover valuable resources
from the mixed solid wastes delivered to transfer stations or solid waste
processing plants (Tchobanoglous et al, 1977).
2.3. The Ways Human Affect River Streams.
Humans have great effects on ecosystems and
biodiversity. Sometimes humans can have positive effects on ecosystems, but
often human actions can have detrimental ecological consequences. Changes in
the environment that cause changes in ecosystem function can be described as
disturbances. Solid waste from livestock can be
washed into rivers, adding excessive nutrients and illness causing bacteria.
Pet waste can also be a problem, but they are more likely to impact the
wildlife of the river by chasing or hunting. Invasive species-when species from far away are introduced
into a new area it can have devastating effects (A Project of the
Oklahoma Biological Survey, 2012).
Here is a list of some things that humans can
do that have negative effects on river ecosystems.
2.3.1. Damming.
Damming - Obstructing the flow of a river or
stream for energy production, to create a lake, or to control the levels of the
water. Damming can be a great renewable resource for power, but it may destroy
river ecosystems downstream.
2.3.2. Dumping.
Dumping - Discarding materials into a river.
Any solid waste, such as car grease or freeze, thrown down a storm drain is
flow directly into the river. Many people don’t realize this water isn’t
“cleaned” before it runs right into a natural waterway (A Project of the Oklahoma Biological Survey 2012).
From
this perspective, it is necessary for the government to take action by
increasing public awareness especially young generations towards proper solid
waste management through education as it is a key to promote sustainable
development (Blanchard, 1995).
2.3.3. Recreation.
Recreation –
Activities done for relaxation or enjoyment. Examples of river recreation are
riding horses, walking a dog, fishing from a boat, or simply having a picnic.
All of these activities could have a negative impact to river wildlife if not
done carefully (Monty, 2005).
2.4. Types of Pollutants.
Pollution
is defined as "to make something impure"—in this case, the fresh
water in lakes, streams, and groundwater. The pollution of water restricts
its use for some human need or a natural function in the ecosystem (Gleick, P.et al.2002).
M. Grieser & B. Rawlins (1996) that, Farmers often use large amounts
of herbicides and pesticides, both of which are toxic pollutants. These
substances are particularly dangerous to life in rivers, streams and lakes,
where toxic substances can build up over a period of time, on the other hand
both employee and self employed contribute environmental pollution depend to
rate of their daily income. Lewcock (1994) indicated that, family being a
consumption unit in urbanized society is mostly associated with waste
production. For example indicated that house hold is the main source of street
refuse in Kano followed by street sweeping, market and drain clearances. Beyond the fact that majority are married,
their family size is also of interest to this study because the larger the
family size the more likely the waste generated
2.4.1. Physical Pollutants.
Physical
pollutants to lakes and streams include materials such as particles of soil
that are eroded from the landscape or washed from paved areas by flowing water.
Once in a lake or stream, some particles settle out of the water to become
bottom sediments. Chemical
pollutants adsorbed (bound) to the particles are also incorporated into the
sediments, where they may be permanently buried, or be carried by the water
currents to other locations. Another
type of physical pollutant is heat that may be discharged from an industrial
source, or runoff from hot surfaces in warm weather. The over clearing of shade
trees along the shoreline of a lake or stream may also permit sunlight to warm
waters above the normal temperature range (Dodds, W. K.2002).
2.4.2. Agriculture.
Modern
agriculture depends on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to
produce high-quality crops for animal and human consumption. To maximize the
crop yield, nitrogen-based fertilizers are spread on the land. To improve
production, herbicides to kill weeds and Insecticides to kill insects are
frequently applied to croplands. Not all of the fertilizers and pesticides stay
where they are applied; consequently, some are released to the atmosphere, seep
into groundwater, or are carried to lakes and streams by runoff, where they may
create pollution problems (Ball, P. 2000). M. Grieser & B.
Rawlins (1996) that, Farmers often use large amounts of herbicides and
pesticides, both of which are toxic pollutants. These substances are
particularly dangerous to life in rivers, streams and lakes, where toxic
substances can build up over a period of time, on the other hand both employee
and self employed contribute environmental pollution depend to rate of their daily
income.
2.4.3. Airborne.
Rain and snow are considered by some individuals to be
relatively "pure," yet gases and particles introduced into the
atmosphere by human activities and natural phenomena, such as volcanoes, can
contaminate precipitation that falls back to Earth. The combustion of fossil fuels adds carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere as well as nitrogen and sulphur compounds that tend
to make precipitation more acidic. In areas of the world where the geology does
not contain minerals that buffer the effects of the acids, the acidity of lakes
and rivers may be increased as a result of "acid rain," derived, for
example, from industrial areas (Dodds, W. K. 2002).
2.4.4. Urban.
Everyday
activities such as doing the laundry, flushing the toilet, and using the
in-sink garbage disposal add chemical and microbial pollutants to household
(domestic) wastewater. If not
Treated
and disposed properly via a septic system or a municipal sewage treatment
plant, domestic wastewater can pose environmental and public health threats.
Everyday activities such as doing the laundry, flushing the toilet, and using
the in-sink garbage disposal add chemical and microbial pollutants to household
(domestic) waste. If not treated and disposed properly via a septic system or a
municipal sewage treatment plant, domestic waste can pose environmental and
public health threats (Dodds, W. K.2002). Muktar M. (2011), that young below 40 years fall within the
productive age of the population and is liable to purchase and consume both
industrial and agricultural products and consequently generate wastes. It is
therefore not unexpected when volumes of wastes are generated by this age group
who are typically susceptible to consumerist life style of the urbanites.
2.5. The Way Polluted River Stream Affected the Surrounding
Community.
Regardless of the type or source of a pollutant entering a
lake or stream, the overall consequences to the environment may be the same—be it the degradation caused by soil erosion
that eliminates the habitat of a stream organism, or the discharge of a
chemical that interferes with a species' reproductive cycle. The use of water
by humans can be compromised whether toxic chemical pollutants necessitate the
treatment of drinking water, whether nutrients promote the growth of nuisance
aquatic weeds that choke waterways, or whether bacteria close beaches (Gleick, P.et al.2002).
2.5.1. Problems
That Associated With the Polluted River Stream in the Surrounding Community.
Water
pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and
revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down
to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading
worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of
more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians
have no access to a proper toilet,
and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% of China's
cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack
access to safe drinking water In addition to the acute problems of water
pollution in developing countries,
developed countries continue to struggle with pollution
problems as well. In the most recent national report on water
quality in the
United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake
acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays
and estuarine
square miles were classified as
polluted (The New York Time, 2007). Blanchard (1995) that,
it is necessary for the government to take action by increasing public
awareness especially young generations towards proper waste management through
education as it is a key to promote sustainable development.
3.0. Research
Methodology.
This chapter it has been divided into six
Sections. The sections are research design, research techniques, population,
sampling techniques and types of data collection. The section ends with data
management and analysis.
3.1. Selection of
the Study area.
Selection
of the study area we consider the highly stream disposal from the solid waste
materials from the residents who living near the River Nzovwe Streams, through
economic activities conducted in Iyela ward like agriculture, business and
sports.
3.1.1. Location of
the Area.
The
study was conducted at Nzovwe Rivers Streams at Mbeya municipal, especially in
Iyela ward which is located in Mbeya city. It is found along side of south east
to the head quarter of Mbeya region (8°53′24″S 33°25′48″E).
3.1.2. Economic Activities.
Most of daily
activities that conducting in an area are like sport, small markets, garages
and shops are likely to be the most
contributors of solid waste disposal in the River Streams which can cause many
effects to people who are using water from those river streams.
3.1.3. Climate of the Area.
The
area of the study receives moderate rainfall from December to April
approximately 1400mm-1600mm per year, the remains months’ area does not receive
rainfall at all, Tanzania metrological Authority (TMA-Mbeya, 2010).
3.1.4. Population.
According
to the (2002) census, the population of Mbeya regional was 2,070,046 whereby
male 990,825 and female 1,079,221. In Iyela ward the population was 22,435
whereby male 9,314 and female 13,021.
3.2. Research Design.
The
study employed descriptive design. These were quantitative, qualitative and
tables in order to represent facts. Survey method are used by researcher
because of its ability to find and collect data, one peoples’ belief, attitudes
and opinion as well as behaviors about social phenomena.
3.3. Research
Techniques.
There
are many ways of collecting data, depending on how the researcher has designed
his study. This study used two ways of data collection which were quantitative
and qualitative techniques.
3.3.1. Qualitative
Techniques.
The
qualitative data are in the form of words (language) that is in the form of
descriptions or extended text. It represents views of the participants not of
the researchers. Also it is not so much about behaviors but about actions of participants.
This occurs at specific situations and easily generalized.
3.3.2.
Quantitative Technique.
This
quantitative technique employed for quantifying the extent of the problem and
how large the problem is.
3.4. Sampling
Technique.
Sampling
technique based on two ways that were random sampling and systematic sampling.
The expected groups to give out information were the people from age of 18
years and above.
3.4.1. Methods of
Sampling Technique.
The
methods used were random sampling and quota sampling.
3.4.2. Purpose of Sampling Technique.
This is a method used in selection of units that
conform to some pre determined sample. This is when the researcher chooses the
sample based on who think would be appropriate for the study. The main purpose
of selecting Iyela ward and Nzovwe River Streams as case study area was due to
the great pollution of an area as well as rate of solid waste disposed seen
into the river every day.
3.4.3. Systematic Sampling.
Simple
random sampling is a method of selecting number units from a population of size
number such that every possible sample size has equal chance of being drawn.
Iyela Street consist 200 total number of households but this research carry out
50 households as number of sample that
present entire pollution (N÷10).
3.5. Types of Data.
The
data involved both primary and secondary data.
3.5.1. Primary
Data.
The
data are obtained from the area of study were through direct observation and
questionnaire.
3.5.2. Secondary
Data.
These
data were obtained from the internet and books which were relevant to the
subject matter (solid waste disposal).
3.6. Methods of
Data Collection.
The
researchers used questionnaire and interview to collect data required as well
as observation method.
3.6.1. Interview.
The
interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method is used
through personal interviews. Personal interview method requires a person known
as the interviewer asking questions generally in face to face to other person
or persons. At time interviewee also are allowed to ask certain questions and
the interviewer responds to these, but usually the interviewer initiates the
interview and collects the information. Households considered being
influential, prominent, and/or is well-informed in an organization or
community; they were selected for interviews on the basis of their expertise in
areas relevant to the research. Also the interview was based on
Phenomenological interviewing because the purpose of this type of interviewing
was to describe the meaning of a concept or phenomenon that several individuals
shared.
3.6.2.
Questionnaire.
This
method of data collection is quite popular particularly in case of big
enquires. It is being adopted by private individuals, research workers, private
and public organizations and even by governments. The questions were presented
with exactly the same warding and in the same order to all respondents. Resort
took to this sort of standardization to ensure that all respondents reply to
the same set of questions. The researcher used structured questionnaire and
unstructured, structured questionnaire are those questionnaires in which there
are definite (clear defined) concrete and pre-determined questionnaires.
3.6.3. Observation.
In this way, the researchers were able to
discover the recurring patterns of behavior and relationships. After these
patterns identified and described through early analysis of field notes,
checklists become more appropriate and context-sensitive. Focus observation was
used at later stages of the study, usually to see, if analytic themes explain
behavior and relationships over a long time or in a variety of settings. I observed
types of solid waste disposal in the river streams at Nzovwe river streams.
3.7. Data Analysis
and Presentation.
In
this study, data is categorized and coded, where quantitative data is presented
through charts (figures) and tables while qualitative information are presented
by using explanations.
DATA ANALYSIS,
DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION
4.0. Introductions.
This
chapter presents the main findings of the study on the effects of solid waste
disposal on river streams. The chapter is sub divided into four parts: the
first part discusses the findings on the demographic and socio-economic
characteristics, the second part discusses the ways the residents affects River
Streams in Mbeya city, third part about kind
of pollutants and last part discusses the effects resulting from River Streams
directly in the Surrounding Community. Interpretation of the findings is
presented in the form of figures.
4.1. Demographic and Socio Economic characteristics of the
respondents.
Demographic
characteristics included Age and Sex of the respondents while the Socio
Economic characteristics included Occupation, Education, and Marital status of
the respondents in the study area.
4.1.1. Sex of
Respondents.
It
is discussed in literature M. Grieser & B. Rawlins (1996), that waste disposal is considered to be more
time consuming by men than by women. It was found relevant to include sex
category of the respondents in this study because waste disposal a direct
relationship with the sex such that waste is considered to be more time
consuming by men and women. In the study area majority of the respondents (52%)
were males and the rest (48%) were female’s respondents (Figure.4.1).
Figure 4.1 Sex of
Respondents (N=50)
Source: Field study 2013
4.1.2. Age of Respondents.
It is discussed in literature Muktar M.
(2011), that youth below 40 years fall within the productive age of the
population and is liable to purchase and consume both industrial and
agricultural products and consequently generate wastes. It is therefore not
unexpected when volumes of wastes are generated by this age group who are
typically susceptible to consumerist life style of the urbanites.
In
the study area Marked differences were evidenced by age groups, (40%) younger
and (24%) adult rated the water quality ‘very polluted’ significantly more
often than did the older age groups (20%) old people. Those 50 years and above
distinguished themselves in rating the water polluted than the other age groups
pollute (16%) in the rated of pollution of Nzovwe River streams because of
having less daily life activities. As shown in the figure below (Figure.4.2).
Figure.4.2. Age of
Respondents (N=50)
Source:
Field Study 2013
4.1.3. Marital status of respondents.
It is discussed in literature Lewcock
(1994) indicated that, family being a consumption unit in urbanized society is
mostly associated with waste production. For example indicated that house hold
is the main source of street refuse in Kano followed by street sweeping, market
and drain clearances. Beyond the fact
that majority are married, their family size is also of interest to this study
because the larger the family size the more likely the waste generated.
In the study area it was observed that marital status of respondent was
relevant to be included in this study because river stream pollution has direct
relationship with marital status, families that included parents (father and
mother) plus children’s it seem contributing great produce waste materials more
than a single man and widow households due to the variation of daily
socio-economic activities such as washing objects and cooking. In this study
majority of the respondents (50%) were single and (48%) were married (families)
while only (2%) were widow (Figure.4.3).
Figure.4.3. Marital Status of Respondents (N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
4.1.4. Education Level of Respondents
It is discussed in literature review
Blanchard (1995) that, it is necessary for the government to take action by
increasing public awareness especially young generations towards proper waste
management through education as it is a key to promote sustainable development.
It
was found relevant to include education level of the respondents in this study
because solid waste disposal has direct relationship with the education of
individuals such that most educated people have higher socio-economic status of
life by building self contained houses with flushing toilets, washing machine
and dish washing compared to none educated individuals and thus educated people
have capability to protect environment more than non-educated. In this study
majority of respondents (56%) were secondary level, (22%) were primary level
and (22%) were college level while (%) were none education (Figure 4. 4).
Figure.4.4. Education Level of Respondents (N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
4.1.5. Occupation of Respondents
It
was discussed in literature M. Grieser & B. Rawlins (1996) that,
Farmers often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides, both of which are
toxic pollutants. These substances are particularly dangerous to life in
rivers, streams and lakes, where toxic substances can build up over a period of
time, on the other hand both employee and self employed contribute
environmental pollution depend to rate of their daily income. It was found
relevant to include occupation category of the respondents in this study
because waste disposal have a direct relationship with the different income
earning among people.
In the study area it observed that
low income families (none employed)-(26%), for example, throw out more waste
items than do higher income families (employee)-(8%). This was probably due to
increased reliance on service facilities by the higher income sector, but it
may be related to education as well while peasant (22%) in aspect of throwing
out waste while business man (26%) (Figure.4.5).
Figure.4.5. Occupation of Respondents (N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
4.2. Resident’s Effects on river stream
It was discussed in literature (A
Project of the Oklahoma Biological Survey, 2012) that, Dumping – Discarding
materials into a river. Any chemical, such as car oil or antifreeze, poured
down a storm drain is flow directly into the river. Many people don’t realize
this water isn’t “cleaned” before it runs right into a natural waterway. In
order to know how the residents on river streams, it was found better the
respondents to identify the following aspects, whether there is river stream in
their locality, condition of River stream, rationale of the stream to their
lives, and how the River influence their lives.
In the first part, the residents were
asked to identify whether there is River stream in their locality. The respondents
were to report either Yes or No. In this study majority of the respondents
(100%) reported “YES” which implies there is river stream in their locality
called Nzovwe and (0%) could not identify to have River in their locality
(Table.4.1).
Table.4.1. Attitude of people on River Stream (N=50).
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Pecentage
|
|
Yes
|
50
|
100
|
|
No
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source: Field Study 2013
In the second part, were asked condition
of the River Stream in their locality. The respondents were to report either seasonal
or throughout the year. In this study majority of (100%) respondents were
involved in answering question by reported that there is throughout the year
condition of the River stream called Nzovwe and (0%) could not identify
condition of River stream in their locality (Table.4.2).
Table.4.2.
Attitude of people on condition of River Stream (N=50).
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Seasonal
|
O
|
O
|
|
Throughout the year
|
50
|
100
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source: Field Study 2013
In the third part, the respondents were asked
rationale of the River stream to their locality. The respondents were to report
either Yes or No. In this study majority of the respondents (100%) Reported
“YES” which implies there are important to their daily living and (%) could not
identify any rationale of River stream on daily living in their locality
(Figure 4.3).
Figure.4.3. The important of River stream (N=50)
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
100
|
100
|
|
No
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source: Field Study 2013
In
the part four, the respondents were asked how the River influences in their
lives. In the study area respondents responded the question by mentioning some
of benefits earned from Nzovwe river streams such as (20%) of respondents
reported that Nzovwe river streams are useful for making bricks, (26%) reported
that useful for bath their body while (14%) useful for washing their cloths and
(20%) useful for their garden irrigation (Figure. 4.6).
Figure.4.6.
Attitude of People on influence of River Stream in their lives (N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
In
the part five, the respondents were asked if the Residents Affects River
Streams. In the study area respondents answered the question by using Yes or
No. In this study majority of the respondents (80%) Reported “YES” which
implies that Residents cause the effects to the River Streams and (20%)
Reported “NO” (Figure.4.7).
Figure.4.7.
Residents Affects River Streams (N=50)
Source:
Field Study 2013
In
the part six, the respondents were asked the way Residents Affects River
Streams. In the study area respondents answered the question by accepting that
it is true that Nzovwe river streams affected by residents such as (46%) respondents were reported that Nzovwe
river streams gets waste from agricultural activities, (4%) waste from industrial
activities while (30%) Waste from domestic uses and (20%) Waste from market
daily activities (Figure.4.8).
Figure.4.8.
The Way Residents Affects River Streams (N=50)
Source:
Field Study 2013
4.3.
Kind of Pollutants.
It was discussed in literature review
Dodds, W. K (.2002) that, everyday
activities such as doing the laundry, flushing the toilet, and using the
in-sink garbage disposal add chemical and microbial pollutants to household
(domestic) wastewater. If not treated and disposed properly via a septic system
or a municipal sewage treatment plant, domestic wastewater can pose
environmental and public health threats. In order to know kinds of pollutants,
it was found better the respondents to respond the following aspects, if they
think the River is being polluted, the activities greatly contributing to
pollute Nzovwe River streams.
In the first part, the respondents were
asked to think if the River is being polluted in their locality. Their
responses were to report either Yes or No. In this study majority of the respondents
(100%) reported “YES” which implies that the River is being polluted and (0%)
could not think if the River is being polluted in their locality (Table.4.4).
Table.4.4. Attitude of people about polluted of
Nzovwe River
Streams (N=50)
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
50
|
100
|
|
No
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source: Field Study
2013
In
the second part, the respondents were asked kinds of Solid Waste Disposal
greatly contributing to pollution of River stream. In the study area (64%)
respondents said that Nzovwe River Streams high contributed plastic bags waste
from households that dump toward Nzovwe River Streams, (24%) respondents
suggested that plastic bags contribute moderate waste materials pollutants for
river while (12%) respondents reported that disposal of plastic bags contribute
low, (52%) respondents said that high
solid waste disposal from domestic uses, (38%) respondent reported that
moderate solid waste disposal from domestic uses, (10%) respondents said that
low solid waste disposal from domestic uses, (28%) respondents said that high
solid waste disposal from agricultural activities, (44%) respondents said that
moderate solid waste disposal from agricultural activities, (28%) respondents
said that low solid waste disposal from agricultural activities, (16%)
respondents said that high solid waste disposal from industrial activities,
(12%) respondents said that moderate solid waste disposal from industrial
activities, (72%) respondents said that low solid waste disposal from
industrial and (22%) respondents said that high solid waste disposal from
market activities, (26%) respondents said that moderate solid waste disposal
from market activities while (52%) respondents said that low solid waste
disposal from market activities
(Figure.4.9).
Figure.4.9.
Attitude of people about Activities greatly contributing to pollute River
(N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
Figure.4.10.
Picture of Solid Waste Disposal on Nzovwe River Streams
Source:
Field Study 2013
Figure.4.11.
Picture Show different Kinds of Waste Disposal
Source:
Field Study 2013
4.4. The way polluted
River Stream Affect the Surrounding Community
It
was discussed in the literature (Gleick,
P.et al.2002) that, the use of water by humans can be compromised whether toxic
chemical pollutants necessitate the treatment of drinking water, whether nutrients
promote the growth of nuisance aquatic weeds that choke waterways, or whether
bacteria close beaches. In order to
know how River stream affect the surrounding community, it was found better the
respondents to responds the following aspects, to state any experienced
problems caused by river stream pollution in their locality, to lists the
impacts faced in their locality.
In the first part, to state any
experienced problems caused by river stream pollution, it was discussed in the
literature (The New York Time, 2007) that, In the most recent national report
on water quality in the United States,
45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32
percent of assessed bays
and estuarine
square miles were classified as polluted.
In the study area
respondents were asked to state any experience problems caused by river stream
pollution in their locality, the answers to range between “Yes” and “No”.
In this study majority of the respondents
(78%) respondents agreed that there were problems experienced in their locality
in which cause by Nzovwe River Stream pollution and (22%) could not experience
any problem caused by River stream pollution in their locality (Figure.4.12).
Figure.4.12. The way polluted River Stream Affected the
Surrounding Community (N=30)
Source: Field Study 2013
In
the second part, respondents were asked to lists problems that caused by River
streams in which faced in their locality. In the study area majority of the
respondents (43.5%) reported Epidemic diseases like Cholera and Diahorea, (30.5%)
reported that Skin diseases and (26%) respondents were reported that worse
smell from decayed waste materials and water born diseases (Figure.4.13).
Figure.4.13. Problems that Associated with the Polluted River
Stream in the Surrounding Community (N=50)
Source: Field Study 2013
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0. Introduction.
This
chapter provides the final sections to be included in the study which is the
summary of the whole study including results of the objectives of the study as
well as the findings based on the specific objectives of the study which were,
the way residents affect river streams in Mbeya city, to assess the kinds of
pollutants that pollutes river streams in Mbeya city and the way polluted river
streams affects the surrounding community in Mbeya city in the study area that
were presented in the previous chapter (Chapter Four). The conclusions were
based on these findings and enumerated the deductions made based on the
presented information. Finally the recommendations listed and actions to be
done for further research.
5.1. Summary of
Findings.
In
this study the researcher wanted to investigate the way residents affect river
streams in Mbeya city as one of specific objective, the researcher expected to
get things, like bags, sediment, leaves, twigs, dead animals, even tree
branches and whole trees. . In the study area the researcher employed
Questionnaires as tool for data collection. In this study the researcher
observed the following results; In the study area majority of the respondents reported
“YES” which implies that the River is being polluted for instance other respondents
said that Nzovwe River streams greatly contributed with water canals, solid
waste from households that directed toward Nzovwe River Streams, some respondents
suggested that waste materials such as plastic bags, paper, and waste iron from domestic are pollutants for river
while other respondents reported that disposal of hair remainder from
Industrial, also respondents said that waste disposal from various markets and reported
that agricultural activities are also
sources that contributed greatly to pollute Nzovwe River Streams.
5.2. Conclusions.
In
the study the aims of researchers was to find the effects of solid waste
disposal in the river streams, therefore in the study was discovered that the
river streams are affected more by disposing solid waste which causes epidemic
diseases, water born diseases.
Also
it was discovered that solid waste disposal cases the water pollution by
introducing harmful materials like tins which contain poisons chemicals and
these affects other living organism those uses water from the river streams.
5.3.
Recommendations.
Basing
on the noted findings and conclusion from the study the researchers offers the
following recommendations that can be taken into considerations.
1. Financial
measures.
Budgeting
and cost accounting, assess real costs of waste management systems,
including the ‘costs of doing nothing’ (increased cost of water treatment due
to waste pollution, drainage problems, increased public health costs) and
increase transparency, accountability and fiscal discipline of local
governments through training.
2. Environmental measures.
Rules
and regulations, the government should develop and enforce environmental
legislation governing collection, disposal, treatment of all types of waste,
but especially hazardous wastes and monitor amount of waste left in streets,
empty lots, burnt in the open air, left in water courses, etc for purpose to
conserve and protecting health to the people and sources of river streams in
country.
3. Who is Responsible?
If
no government agency has the responsibility or resources to clean up the banks
of a stream or its littered streambed, then it is the responsibility of non-governmental
organizations and the communities to do so. There are many opportunities for
private citizens to participate in river and stream cleanups. For example, many
states have "green team" or "stream team" opportunities,
such as Vermont's Green-Up Day and Northern California's River watch.
Volunteers who participate in stream cleanups often report a rewarding
experience. In addition to providing an aesthetic and environmental benefit,
cleanups reconnect citizens and the community to the waterways that have been a
vital part of the nation's history and culture. Thus the government of Tanzania
should learn these and implement all these in our state in order to keep our
river streams safe.
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TEOFILO KISANJI UNIVERSITY
QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR IYELA WARD RESIDENTS
DATE
OF INTERVIEW………………………………………………………………..
QUESTIONNAIRE
NUMBER………………………………………………………..
A:
Personal Information
1.
Street…………………………………………………………………………….
2.
Sex -Male { }
-Female { }
3.
Your age {………….}
4.
Marital status (a) Single { } (b) Married { }
(c) Separated { }
(d) Divorced { } (e) Widowed { }
5.
Education level
(a) Primary education { }
(B) Secondary education {
} (c) Tertiary education { }
(d) None { }
6.
Occupation
(a)
Agriculture { } (b) Business { }
(c)
Employed { } (d) none employed (e) others,
(specify)………………………………………………
B. The
way the residents Affects River Stream in Mbeya city
7.
(i) Is there any River stream in your locality?
(a)
Yes ( )
(b) No ( )
(ii)
If yes, what the annual condition of the River Stream around your locality?
(a) Seasonal ( )
(b) Throughout the year ( )
8.
(i) Do you think the River Stream
important to your daily life?
(a) Yes ( )
(b) No ( )
(ii) If yes, how?
a.
………………………………………………………………………………….
b.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
c.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
d.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
e.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. (i) Do you think residents affect River stream?
(a)
Yes ( )
(b)
No ( )
(ii) If
yes, how they affect River Stream?
a. ……………………………………………………….
b. ……………………………………………………….
c. ……………………………………………………….
d. ……………………………………………………….
C.
Kind of Pollutants
9.
(i) Do you think the River is being
polluted?
(a) Yes ( )
(b) No ( )
(ii).
If yes, what are the pollutants mostly affect the stream. Put (v)
|
Pollutant
|
How they affect
|
|
Mostly
|
Moderate
|
Minimum
|
|
(i)
Plastic bags
|
|
|
|
|
(ii)
Domestic waste products
|
|
|
|
|
(iii)
Agricultural waste products
|
|
|
|
|
(iv)
Industrial waste products
|
|
|
|
|
(v)
Market waste products
|
|
|
|
10.
What do you think are the Effective pollutants around the River Stream?
(a) …………………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………..
(d) …………………………………………………………………..
(e) …………………………………………………………………..
D.
Impacts resulting from River Streams directly in the Surrounding Community.
10. (i) Do you experience any problems
caused by river stream pollution?
(a) Yes ( )
(b) No ( )
(ii). If yes what are those problems
a.
…………………………………………………………
b.
…………………………………………………………
c.
…………………………………………………………
d.
…………………………………………………………
GOD BLESSES YOU.
CHUO KIKUU TEOFILO KISANJI
DODOSO
KWA WAKAZI WA KATA YA IYELA
TAREHE
YA USAHILI…………………………………………………………………….
NAMBA
YA SWALI……………………………………………………………………….
A:
Taarifa Binafsi
1.
Mtaa………………………….
2.
Jinsi
(a) Kiume ( )
(b) Kike ( )
3.
Umri (………………………)
4.
Taarifa za ndoa
(a) Umeoa ( )
(b) Umeolewa ( ) (c)
Umetengana/mmetengana ( )
(d) Mjane ( ) (e) Mgane ( )
5.
Kiwango cha elimu
(a) Shule ya msingi ( )
(b) Elimu ya sekondari ( ) (c)
Elimu ya Juu ( )
(d) Hujasoma ( )
6.
Kazi yako
(a)
Mkulima ( ) (b) Mfanya biashara ( ) (c) Umeajiriwa ( ) (d) Hujaajiriwa ( )
(e)
Nyingineyo ( )
B.
Jinsi wakazi wa Jiji la Mbeya wanavyoathiri mfumo wa Mto.
7.
(i) Kuna mto wowote katika mazingira yenu?
(a) Ndiyo ( )
(b) Hapana
(
)
(ii) Kama ndiyo mto huo ni wa hali gani
kwa mwaka?
(a) Ni wa msimu ( )
(b) Kudumu ( )
8.
(i) Unafikiri mto ni muhimu kwa maisha yako ya kila siku?
(a)
Ndiyo ( )
(b)
Hapana ( )
(ii) Kama ndiyo, kwa namna gani?
a.
…………………………………………………….
b.
……………………………………………………
c.
…………………………………………………….
d.
……………………………………………………..
e.
……………………………………………………..
9. (i) Unafikiri wakazi wa eneo
hili wana athari zozote katika mto?
(a)
Ndiyo ( )
(b)
Hapana ( )
(ii) Kama ndiyo, ni kwa namna gani wanaathiri mto?
a. ………………………………………………………..
b. ………………………………………………………..
c. ……………………………………………………….
d. ……………………………………………………….
C:
Aina ya Uchafuzi.
10.
(i) Unafikiri mto umechafuliwa?
(a) Ndiyo
( )
(b)
Hapana ( )
(ii)
Kama ndiyo, ni aina gani za taka zinazo
athiri kwa kiwango kikubwa mto?
|
Aina ya Taka
|
Kiwango cha Athari
|
|
Sana
|
Wastani
|
Kidogo
|
|
(i) Mifuko ya
plastiki (Rambo)
|
|
|
|
|
(ii)
Takataka zinazo zalishwa majumbani
|
|
|
|
|
(iii) Takataka zinazozalishwa kutokana na
shughuliza kilimo
|
|
|
|
|
(iv) Takataka zinazozalishwa
kutoka viwandani
|
|
|
|
|
(v)Takataka
zinazozalishwa toka sokoni
|
|
|
|
D:
Madhara ya Uchafuzi wa Mto kwa Jamii Inayo uzunguka Mto.
11.
Umewahi kupata tatizo lolote lililosababishwa na uchafuzi wa mto?
(a)
Ndiyo ( )
(b)
Hapana ( )
12.
Kama ndiyo, taja hayo matatizo
i.
……………………………………………..
ii.
……………………………………………..
iii.
……………………………………………..
MUNGU
AKUBARIKI
